Wireless (802.11b)

Wireless (802.11b):-
This network works on 2.4Ghz frequency with 11MB using Radio signals, in this network the NIC (Network Interface Card) connected with access point through signals, and this access point transmit signals to every NIC card that is part of that network, thus this access point works as a hub, this access point also support the wired Ethernet and both wireless and wired computers both worked together, its maximum range is 50 to 300 feet but you can extend it through wireless devices, such an antenna etc.

Token Ring (802.5)

Token Ring (802.5)
In Token Ring network a computer sends a token, this token passes through every computer which is part of the network but only the destination computer accepts the Token, during this time no other computer can send Token in network but wait until the network’s media becomes free, in this type of network the computers must be connected with the media in continues loop form. Through Token Ring network you can install long distance network. In Token Ring if a Token is lost then the protocol regenerate the Token after the specified interval elapsed. This type of network support 255 nodes.

5-4-3 Rule

5 4 3 rule:-
5-4-3 rules mean that in your network you must have 5 segments of cables, with 4 repeaters, and that network must be 3 or less mixing segments. Its mean that if you have a network with coaxial cable’s network, then you must be 3 segments of 500m for 10Base5 and 185m for 10Base2 in your network with computers that will be connected with 2 repeaters. You can extend this type of network by installing 2 repeaters and 2 segment of 500m and 185m of cables.
If we talk about 10Base2 network in which we use BNC (British Novell Connector) with RG-58 cables, and Bus Topology, in this network we extend our network up to 925m and in 10Base5 network you can use up to 2500m, in this situation you can use only 5 segment of cables with 4 repeaters that connect these 5 cables with each other in a series and only 3 segments must be included computers and other devices. Half-meter is the minimum length of cable between computers, the BNC connector must be ended with terminator, you can put 30 computers on each segment, remember that the total length of all 5 segments must not be extended from 925m.

How to Test Network Media

After the installation of network you must check all the media through which we connected the network computers and other devices. The maintenance of your network is continues process.

Ping Command:-
Ping command is the easiest way to check your protocols, your Ethernet Cards, network cables and other means through which our peripherals are connected. When you apply ping command send a packet to the destination address and waits for reply,  when it receives a reply from destination its mean that your protocols, LAN cards, network cables and network connects are working properly. There are several versions of Ping command. The ping command shows you the RTT (Round Trip Time) which means that in how much time ping command get back the packets. It will show you the packets that was lost, which mean that there are some problem in your media. It also shows you the duplicate, dropped and reordered packets.Also remember that the ping command did not show you that why the packet is delay, why it is damage, or why is it duplicate nor it show you that where is the problem. Ping command will not show you the reason why the packets are un-answered.

Functions used with Ping command:-
-f
If you use the function –F with Ping command it will send packets very fast to the destination, with the speed of 100 per second, it will slow down your network, because it like a flood in your network, to test your media. This is a good idea to use that command when your network will not busy.

-l (Pre-load)
Send packets very fast and then in normal, this is useful command when you want to check the performance of your router, that how your router handle these packets.

-n
When you have Name Server problems then use that function.

-r
Use this function if you have routing problem and during ping command it cant reached the destination, this command is used where host and destination connected directly without routers.

IEEE 802.5 Standards

10Base-5:-
Support Coaxial (RG-58A/U), use in Bus Topology, with 500m of Cable in length, with the speed of 10Mbps.

10base-2:-
Support Thin coaxial (RG-58A/U), use in Bus Topology, with 185m of Cable in length, with the speed of 10Mbps.

10Base-T:-
Support UTP (unshielded twisted pair of cat 3), use in star Topology, with 100m of Cable in length, with the speed of 10Mbps.

1Base-5:-
Support UTP (unshielded twisted pair of cat 3 and above all), use in Star Topology in which simple repeaters and hubs are used, with 100m of Cable in length, with the speed of 1Mbps.

10Broad-36:-
Support Coaxial (RG-58A/U, cat v), use in bus Topology, with 3600m of Cable in length, with the speed of 10Mbps.

10Base-FL:-
Support Fiber optic (Multimode 62.5.125 Fiber), use in  Star Topology, with 2000m of full duplex Cable in length, with the speed of 10Mbps.

100Base-TX:-
Support UTP (Cat 5), use in Star Topology, with 100m of Cable in length, with the speed of 100Mbps.

100Base-FX:-
Support Fiber optic (Multimode 62.5/ 125 Fiber), use in  Star Topology, with 412m (Half-Duplex) and 2000m (Full Duplex) of Cable in length, with the speed of 100Mbps in Half-Duplex and 200Mbps in Full-Duplex.

1000Base-SX:-
Support Fiber-optic (62.5/ 125 fiber), use in Star Topology, with 260m of Cable in length, with the speed of 1Gbps.

1000Base-LX:-
Support Fiber-optic (multimode 62.5/ 125 fiber) or mono mode fiber, use in Star Topology, with 440m (multimode) 5000m (single mode) of Cable in length, with the speed of 1Gbps.

1000Base-CX:-
Support Twinax, 150 ohm-balanced, shielded cable, use in Star Topology, with 25m of Cable in length, with the speed of 1Gbps.

1000Base-T:-
Support Cat 5, use in Star Topology, with 100m of Cable in length, with the speed of 1Gbps.
Note:-
1. 10 shows the speed of data which is travel in the media, 10 mean that the data will be transfer with the speed of 10 Megabits / Second (10Mbps)

2. Base is the short from of Baseband which signify the network’s type.

3. The segment length must be in digit, and segment type must be in letter form.

4. If a cable belongs to 10Base5 family, then the maximum cable length must not be exceeded from 500 meters.

5. Letters show that if a cable belongs to 10BaseT family then T means Twisted-Pair.